(House of Stuarts)
- 1603-1625 - James I - Form Protestant, problems with Parliament, resisted Puritans
- 1625-1649 - Charles I - Continued problems with Parliament, dissolved Parliament in 1629, 60,000 people left England (1/3 of them to the Colonies) to escape Archbishop Laud's uniformity church
*English Civil War (1642-1646) - Parliament vs. King → Charles I executed*
- 1649-1658 - Oliver Cromwell
- 1658-1659 - Richard Cromwell
(House of Stuarts restored)
- 1660-1685 - Charles II
- 1685-1688 - James II - Was a Catholic
*Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) - replaced the reigning king, James II, with the joint monarchy of his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange*
- 1689-1702 - William and Mary ruled England jointly - 1689 Bill of Rights, prohibited Catholics from ruling
- 1702-1714 - Anne - 2nd Daughter of James II, also protestant like sister Mary II
(House of Hanover)
- 1714-1727 - George I
- 1727-1760 - George II
- 1760-1820 - George III - American colonies gain independence from Britain!
The United States as an Independent Republic:
- 1789-1797 - George Washington - 1st President, shaped chief executive's duties, did not run for 3rd term (set precedent)
- 1797-1801 - John Adams - Alien and Sedition Acts allowed him to silence critics, but made him unpopular.
- 1801-1809 - Thomas Jefferson - Wrote the Declaration of Independence, approved the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, which nearly doubled the size of the U.S.
- 1809-1817 - James Madison - Father of the Bill of Rights, War of 1812 with Britain
- 1817-1825 - James Monroe - "Era of Good Feeling" because there was little partisan fighting. Monroe Doctrine - declared Americas off-limits to European meddling.
- 1825-1829 - John Quincy Adams - Accused of winning election through corruption
- 1829-1837 - Andrew Jackson - Considered the common people's friend, dubbed "Old Hickory" because he was tough, greatly expanded the powers of the Presidency
- 1837-1841 - Martin Van Buren - First president born an American citizen. His presidency was marred by an economic depression that led to bank failures and food riots
- 1841 - William Henry Harrison - First president to die in office and served the briefest term
- 1841-1845 - John Tyler - First president to be threatened with impeachment (effort failed)
- 1845-1849 - James K. Polk - First "dark horse" or little-known nominee to become President. He presided over the Mexican War, which added Texas, California, and other territory to the U.S.
- 1849-1850 - Zachary Taylor - General from Mexican War.
- 1850-1853 - Millard Fillmore - Approved Compromise of 1850, allowing slavery in the South. In 1856, he ran for president on the anti-immigrant Know-Nothing Party ticket
- 1853-1857 - Franklin Pierce - Supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which gutted the Compromise of 1850
- 1857-1861 - James Buchanan - Was the only bachelor to serve in the White House. Tried in vain to find a compromise to keep the South from seceding from the Union, but failed
- 1861-1865 - Abraham Lincoln - Led the Union into the Civil War to preserve the nation and end slavery. He was assassinated just five days after the Confederate armies surrendered.
- 1865-1869 - Andrew Johnson - Found himself in bitter battles with Congress over Reconstruction. He was impeached and tried by the Senate, but was acquitted by one vote
- 1869-1877 - Ulysses S. Grant - Was the top Union military hero of the Civil War
- 1877-1881 - Rutherford B. Hayes - Lost popular vote but won office (by one electoral vote)
- 1881 - James A. Garfield - Set out to reform the "spoils system" by which politicians gave their friends low-level political offices. He was the first left-handed President (go left-handers!!)
- 1881-1885 - Chester A. Arthur - Was unknown before elected, but surprised people by being honest and responsible
- 1885-1889 - Grover Cleveland - Only president to be elected 2 non-consecutive terms. Expanded the Civil Service and ended wasteful government programs, economic depression wrecked his second term
- 1889-1893 - Benjamin Harrison - Caught between reformers who were fighting the spoils system and those who wanted to continue it
- 1885-1889 - Grover Cleveland -
- 1887-1901 - William McKinley - Spanish-American War. U.S. won several important overseas colonies, was assassinated
- 1901-1909 - Theodore Roosevelt - "Big Stick" Diplomacy, built Panama Canal, cracked down on business monopolies, created national parks
- 1909-1913 - William Howard Taft - Dollar Diplomacy, continued many of Roosevelt's progressive policies, alienated the progressive wing of his party and lost reelection
- 1913-1921 - Woodrow Wilson - After initially opposing World War I, Wilson led the U.S. into war and drafter the peace plan that ended it. Wilson also fought to create the League of Nations
- 1921-1923 - Warren G. Harding - Full of office scandal and corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal)
- 1923-1929 - Calvin Coolidge - Coolidge's term was marked by economic prosperity. However, he ignored signs that the stock market was likely to collapse. Known as "Silent Cal"
- 1929-1933 - Herbert C. Hoover - Stock market crashed few months into his term. The Great Depression follower was blamed on him. He organized relief efforts in Europe after both World Wards
- 1933-1945 - Franklin D. Roosevelt - Led the nation during the Great Depression of the 1930s and to victory in World War II. He greatly expanded the size and role of the federal government through his New Deal social programs. Roosevelt is the only president elected four times
- 1945-1953 - Harry S. Truman - Dropped atomic bombs on Japan. World War II ended days later. Led the U.S. during Korean War
- 1953-1961 - Dwight D. Eisenhower - Former World War II general and hero, helped end Korean War and steered moderate course during the Cold War
- 1961-1963 - John F. Kennedy - Cuban Missile Crisis. Only Roman Catholic to become president, was assassinated in his third year of his term
- 1963-1969 - Lyndon B. Johnson - Passed anti-poverty (Great Society) and civil rights programs. Also involved the U.S. in the unpopular Vietnam War
- 1969-1974 - Richard M. Nixon - During his first term, he improved relations with the Soviet Union and China and wound down the Vietnam War. Following Nixon's reelection, news of the Watergate scandal forced Nixon to resign before Congress could impeach him
- 1974-1977 - Gerald R. Ford - His pardon of Nixon was unpopular
- 1977-1981 - Jimmy Carter - Promoted Middle East peace. Soaring oil prices, high inflation, and the Iran-Contra crisis made him look weak
- 1981-1989 - Ronald Reagan - Revived national pride, was greatly popular though his conservative policies were controversial
- 1989-1993 - George H. W. Bush - During his term, the Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War ended. He led the U.S. in the 1991 Gulf War against Iraq
- 1993-2001 - Bill Clinton - Past NAFTA trade agreement and cut budget deficit. His second term was marred by scandal, including impeachment
- 2001-2009 - George W. Bush - Soon after being sworn in, he had to unite mournful country after September 11th terrorist attacks. Like his father, Bush led the U.S. into war against Iraq
- 2009-2017 - Barack Obama - First African American president of the U.S.
- 2017-present - Donald Trump
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