Election of 1800:
- AKA the "Revolution of 1800" because it was the first time that control of the presidency passed from one party to another
- Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson elected
- Long interval between presidential election and new president's inauguration→In 1801, Federalists took advantage and passed the Judiciary Act - created many new federal circuit and district courts
- Adams appointed Federalist judges, "midnight appointments"
- One of Adams's last-minute judicial appointees was John Marshall, whom Adams nominated to be chief justice of the Supreme Court.
- Marbury v. Madison established principle of judicial review, which gives the courts the ability to rule on the constitutionality of legislation (laid the foundation for the Supreme Court's later political influence)
Jefferson is Obsessed with the West:
- Thomas Jefferson envisions a republic of independent farmers - he believed that only self-sufficient, property-owning citizens would be able to resist corruption and tyranny→to ensure this future, Jefferson needed land
- Movement west was accelerated, which led to conflict with Native Americans. Jefferson hoped that the Native Americans would eventually assimilate into American society, but believed the best thing was for Native Americans to be removed
- Louisiana Purchase
- French had given Louisiana to Spanish for their loss of Florida after the end of the French and Indian War...French dictator Napoleon Bonaparte forced the Spanish government to secretly cede Louisiana to France in 1800
- Jefferson did not want a militarily powerful and aggressive neighbor, so attempted at diplomatic relations
- 1803 - Napoleon startled William Livingston and James Monroe by offering to sell the entire Louisiana territory for $15 million→doubled the size of the U.S.
- Once land from Louisiana Purchase was acquired, Jefferson sponsored the Lewis and Clark Expedition
Burr's Conspiracy:
- Essex Junto = Federalist extremists
- Aaron Burr (Jefferson's ex-VP candidate) was accused of negotiating with secessionist Federalists. Alexander Hamilton believed the charge and criticized Burr→Burr shoots Hamilton in duel in 1804
- Burr and James Wilkinson launched a conspiracy to foment rebellion against Spanish rule in Mexico
Renewal of War in Europe:
- Britain and France at war with each other again...what's new
- Great Britain imposed blockade on all French-controlled Europe, so French Navy captured American ships doing business with British
- British Navy instituted practice of impressment - British naval officers kidnapped American sailors and forced them to serve on their ships
- 1807 - British warship fired on U.S.S. Chesapeake, forcing it to strike its colors before taking off four members of the crew
- The Chesapeake incident outraged Americans→Jefferson could have gone to war, but decided to solve peacefully
- Embargo Act of 1807 - prohibited American exports - it backfired (had greater effect of American economy than on British or French)
- James Madison is elected president in 1808
- Embargo Act replaced with Non-Intercourse Act, which allowed Americans to trade with all countries except Great Britain and France
War of 1812:
- Those that want war→"War Hawks" (Henry Clay of Kentucky is one)
- Americans thought Tecumseh and the Prophet were rallying Native Americans of the trans-Appalachian region against further American settlement (believed Tecumseh was allied with the British)
- William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana, led force of 1,000 men against Prophetstown
- Harrison beats Tecumseh and the Prophet at Battle of Tippecanoe
- President Madison asked for a war in June 1812
- 1813 - Harrison defeats force of British and Indians at Battle of Thames (Tecumseh dies)
- Andrew Jackson crushed the Creeks in a series of bloody battles
- Napoleon abdicated→More British attacks for America
- British army burned the Presidential Mansion and the Capitol
- Francis Scott Key wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner" here
- Treaty of Ghent - ended war in 1814 on the basis of the status quo ante, the situation before the war
Era of Good Feelings:
- Federalists gathered at the Hartford Convention - seen as unpatriotic and unwise (because of the timing of the war)→END OF THE FEDERALIST PARTY
- The Democratic-Republicans led a country in which they faced no significant political opposition (Washington would be proud)
- James Monroe elected in 1816
- Henry Clay's American System
- Protective Tariffs (Tariff of 1816)
- National Bank (Second Bank of United States, BUS)
- Internal Improvements
- Slavery
- Was decreasing in popularity (Northwest Ordinances outlawed it, 1808 - importation of slaves overseas was outlawed)
- Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin made cotton a lucrative cash crop→demand for slave labor increased
- Missouri Compromise (by Henry Clay, of course)
- Admission of Missouri as a slave state
- Admission of Maine as a free state
- Line through Louisiana Territory at 36 degrees, 30 minutes; north would be free states, south slave
Rise of Manufacturing:
A new production system (different from putting-out system) developed in textile mills such as those that existed in Lowell, Massachusetts
- Labor movement among industrial workers
- The Panic of 1819 - financial crisis caused by changes in international economy following Napoleonic Wars and inflationary policies spurred by branches of the 2nd BUS
Monroe Doctrine:
- Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams concerned that Spain and its ally France would attempt to reconquer Latin American republics that gained independence during the Napoleonic Wars
- 1823 - Monroe Doctrine (became tenet of American foreign policy for more than a century)
- U.S. would resist new European colonization in Western Hemisphere
- U.S. would not interfere in European affairs
Native American Removal:
- President Andrew Jackson signed Removal Act of 1830 - enabled the federal government to negotiate removal of tribes living east of the Mississippi
- Cherokee Nation v. Georgia→Worcester v. Georgia - Marshall confirmed the right of the Cherokee to the land they held by treaty with the U.S.
- President Jackson refused to implement Marshall's ruling
- Seminole in Florida resisted removal in series of wars that lasted until 1850s
Second Great Awakening:
- Stressed personal, more emotional approach to traditional living
- Baptists and Methodists
- Preachers Charles Grandison Finney and Timothy Dwight
- Revival meetings
Age of Reform:
- Dorthea Dix - efforts to persuade states to provide better treatment for the mentally ill
- Horace Mann - campaigned for universal public education, improvements in teacher training
- Temperance Movement - attempted to combat widespread problem of alcoholism
- Abolitionist Movement - opposition to slavery
- William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator
- American Colonization Colony - founded 1817, encouraged settlement of freed slaves in Africa
- Frederick Douglass - former slave from Maryland, published Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
- Nat Turner - slave in Virginia that led violent slave insurrection→slave owners imposed harsh Black Codes that further restricted the activities of their slaves
Jacksonian Democracy:
- Election of 1824
- 4 candidates: John Quincy Adams, William Crawford, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson
- Clay gets out of race, but has his followers vote for Adams (in turn Adams appoints Clay his secretary of state)
- Jackson is outraged when Adams wins, because he got the popular vote
- Election of 1828 & President Jackson
- Jacksonians = Democratic Party
- Jackson = "common man"
- Spoils system - Jackson appointed loyal Democrats to positions in the federal government
- Jackson distrusted his cabinet and instead relied on advice of his "Kitchen Cabinet," a group of his most trusted political cronies
- "King Andrew I"
- Repeatedly vetoed bills calling for federal support for internal improvements
- Opposed Abolitionist movement
- Appointed Roger B. Taney after John Marshall died in 1835 - Taney Court = states' rights
Nullification Crisis:
- Tariff of 1828 passed to protect northern manufacturing interests, but hurt the south
- Southern leaders termed the Tariff of 1828 the "Tariff of Abominations"
- South Carolina asserted the right of nullification - states could refuse to enforce federal laws that they held to be unconstitutional (John C. Calhoun)
- Webster-Hayne Debate - Daniel Webster declared if nullification were allowed, it would be bad
- Jackson supported states' rights but not nullification
- Force Act - Jackson prepared to send troops and federal marshals to South Carolina to enforce law
- Calhoun resigned as VP
- South Carolina calmed down after Henry Clay helped engineer a bill that lowered tariffs
The Bank War:
- President Jackson did NOT like the 2nd BUS (chartered in 1816 as part of Clay's American System)
- Believed BUS contributed to Panic of 1819
- Thought Nicholas Biddle's management of Bank was unchecked
- Henry Clay ran against Jackson in the election of 1832, lost
- Jackson saw Biddle as personal enemy and Bank corrupt
- Jackson withdrew federal money from the Bank and placed it in state banks, "pet banks"
- Jackson issued the Specie Circular, which required gold or silver coins to purchase federal land
- Jackson's economic policies contributed to the Panic of 1837
The Whig Party:
- Opponents of Jackson = Whig party
- Supported Henry Clay's vision of the American System
- Supported a national bank, tariffs, and internal improvements
- Wanted commerce, industry, and better markets for farmers
- Martin Van Buren, Jackson's successor, won election of 1836
- 1840 - Whig William Henry Harrison & VP John Tyler, campaign slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"
- Harrison died→John Tyler = first VP to succeed to office after death of president
Manifest Destiny:
- Manifest Destiny - coined by journalist John O'Sullivan - concept popularized in the 1840s stating that it was God-given mission of the U.S. to expand westward
- Oregon Trail - trail that took settlers from the Ohio River Valley through the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains to Oregon. Settlers began moving westward along this trail in 1842; by 1860 over 325,000 Americans had traveled westward along the trail
- Americans wanted all of Oregon - "Fifty-four Forty of Fight"
- President James K. Polk pursues diplomacy with the British:
- Oregon Treaty of 1846 gave most of Oregon to U.S.
Texas Independence:
- Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821
- By 1836, there were 30,000 American settlers in Texas
- Mexican authorities began tightening control over Texas→on March 2, 1836, rebels proclaimed Texan independence
- Mexican president, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna led army into Texas
- March 6 = Alamo
- April 21 = San Jacinto→Mexicans out of Texas
- Texas became the Lone Star Republic, with Sam Houston as its president
- Texans wanted their republic to be annexed by the U.S.→politics of slavery prevented this
- Northerners opposed acquisition of another slave state
- Texas into Union would create conflicts with Mexico
Expansion and Election of 1844:
- James K. Polk won Democratic nomination as first dark horse candidate
- Polk = expansionist
- Called for annexation of Texas and all of Oregon Territory
- Henry Clay ran as Whig nominee (his 3rd run for presidency!)
- Polk wins election
The Mexican War:
- Polk hoped to get expansionist goals through diplomacy with Mexico
- Sent diplomat John Slidell to Mexico with proposal to purchase territory because Nueces and Rio Grande rivers for $5 million, California for $25 million, and $5 million for Mexican lands between Texas and California→Mexican government REFUSED
- General Zachary Taylor posted along Rio Grande River→hostilities with Mexico
- U.S. declared war against Mexico on May 13, 1846
- General Taylor defeated Mexican forces
- In California, U.S. rebels led by explorer John C. Fremont declared California independent on July 4, 1846→Bear Flag Republic
- General Winfield Scott captured Mexico City on September 13, 1847
- Political consequences of the Mexican War
- War ended by Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
- U.S. paid $15 million for territory in Texas north of Rio Grande, New Mexico, and California
- Wilmot Proviso - no slavery in new Mexican territory (not passed)
- Election of 1848
- Whig - General Zachary Taylor (won election)
- Democrat - Lewis Cass
- Democrat + Liberty + Whigs → Free-Soil Party dedicated to opposing extension of slavery
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