SAQ (Tom Richey)

LEQ (Tom Richey)

DBQ Rubric (Tom Richey)

DBQ

The APUSH DBQ By Tom Richey Parts I, II, and III:

Time frame for DBQ: 1754-1980
Sample prompt: "Explain the causes of the rise of tensions between the American colonists and the British government in the period 1754-1776."

• Thesis:

1. Historically defensible
2. Line of reasoning
3. Needs to be in the introduction or conclusion
4. Should include previews of multiple points

• Acceptable thesis: "Tensions rose between the American colonists and the British government in 1754-1776 because of disagreements over taxation and violence between colonists and British soldiers."
• Excellent thesis: "Tensions rose between the American colonists and the British government in 1754-1776 because of disagreements over taxation, violent encounters between colonists and British soldiers, and repressive measures taken by Parliament."
• Contextualization:
• Preferably at the beginning of the essay (before thesis)
• Contextualization provides the link between the prompt and the thesis
• Form a perimeter (give reader useful background information)
• No double dipping - whatever is counted as contextualization cannot be used for other points
• Multiple sentences, a little bit of details
• Documents

1. Describe (3 documents)
2. Support (6 documents)
3. Explain (3 documents) 

• Topic sentence that states points at the beginning of ever paragraph! 
• Accurately describing (quotes are insufficient!!) 
• Specific reference to the document's content
• Correctly interpreted
• "Paul Revere made an engraving that depicted British soldiers firing on colonists during the Boston Massacre (Doc #)."  
• Documents need to be used purposefully to support argument
• "The Boston Massacre, depicted in an engraving by Paul Revere, outraged colonists in Boston and increased colonial resentment of the British troop presence in their city (Doc #)."
• Group documents 
• Group 7 documents, 2-2-3
• If you support 6 documents, you also describe 3
• Use all the documents as insurance (all 7)
• Explain how and/or why the documents support argument
• Humanizing documents
• HIPP (only use 1 for each document analyzed)
• Historical situation
• Intended audience
• Purpose
• Point of view
• Historical situation→"This engraving was published in the aftermath of the Boston Massacre, in which five American colonists were killed by British soldiers."
• Point of view/purpose→"The engraving was made by Paul Revere, a Boston silversmith who was a member of the Sons of Liberty. Revere's art depicted the British soldiers lined up in formation and the colonists as helpless in order to turn the public against the British troops."
• Purpose→"Paul Revere, a local silversmith, made this in order to turn local public opinion against British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre, who were to face trial."
• Explain at least 4 documents for insurance
• Evidence
• 1 piece of specific evidence (use 2 to be safe) that (1) supports the argument, (2) is not used for contextualization, and (3) is not found in the documents.

• Outside evidence - Proclamation of 1763, Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Acts, Common Sense
• Multiple sentences
• Name dropping is not enough - demonstrate that you know what you're talking about
• "The Sons of Liberty protested the Tea Act by dumping massive amounts of tea into the Boston Harbor in what is remembered as the Boston Tea Party. Parliament responded with the Coercive Acts, known in the colonies as the "Intolerable Acts," which closed the Port of Boston and instituted martial law."
• Complex understanding
• Explaining continuities and changes, similarity and differences, causes
• Synthesis (connect to other time)
• Extra HIPPs
• Qualify/modify argument 

1. Demonstrate understanding of nuance (bigger connections)

2. Make deep historical connections

3. Put documents in conversation, noting corroboration and contradiction

4.  Connect across time and place

5. Put forward alternative viewpoints 

• "While Paul Revere's engraving implicated the British troops as murderers, Captain Thomas Preston, the British officer in charge, told of unruly colonists who were harassing British soldiers and threatening violence. According to Preston, the British soldiers had reason to fear for their lives. While Preston could have been covering for his men and trying to avoid conviction, there is likely something to his story since the officers involved in the so called massacre were acquitted by a Boston jury." 
• ^ put 2 documents in comparison to each other, bringing in outside knowledge (soldiers acquitted by the jury)
• Complexity is not shown by one thing, but by the structure of the essay in large

• 
  

Important U.S. Supreme Court Cases

• Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall). The court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review 
• Fletcher v. Peck (1810, Marshall). The decision stems from the Yazoo land cases, 1803, and upholds the sanctity of contracts.
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall). The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819, Marshall). New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824, Marshall). Clarified the commerce clause and affirmed Congressional power over interstate commerce.
• Johnson v. McIntosh (1823, Marshall). Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes.
• Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall). "The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.
• Worcester v. Georgia (1832, Marshall). Established tribal autonomy within their boundaries, i.e. the tribes were "distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries within which their authority is exclusive."
• Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837, Taney). The interests of the community are more important than the interests of business; the supremacy of society’s interest over private interest.
• Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842). Declared that labor unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon.
• Scott v. Sanford (1857, Taney). Speaking for a widely divided court, Chief Justice Taney ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no standing in court; Scott’s residence in a free state and territory had not made him free since he returned to Missouri; Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory (based on the 5th Amendment right of a person to be secure from seizure of property), thus voiding the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
• Ex parte Milligan (1866). Ruled that a civilian cannot be tried in military courts while civil courts are available.
• Civil Rights Cases of 1883. (A single decision on a group of cases with similar legal problems). Legalized segregation with regard to private property.
• Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886). Declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional.
• Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad Co. v. Minnesota (1890). Found that Granger law regulations were violations of the 5th Amendment right to property.
• Pollock v. The Farmers’ Loan and Trust Co. (1895). Declared the income tax under the Wilson-Gorman Tariff to be unconstitutional.
• U. S. v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895). Due to a narrow interpretation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the Court undermined the authority of the federal government to act against monopolies.
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."
• "Insular Cases" / Downes v. Bidwell (1901). Confirmed the right of the federal government to place tariffs on good entering the U. S. From U. S. Territories on the grounds that "the Constitution does not follow the flag."
• Northern Securities Co. v. U. S. (1904). Re-established the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
• Lochner v. New York (1905). Declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting the working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th Amendment rights.
• Muller v. Oregon (1908). First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.
• Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918). Declared the Keating-Owen Act (a child labor act) unconstitutional on the grounds that it was an invasion of state authority.
• Schenck v. U. S. (1919). Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."
• Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923). Declared unconstitutional a minimum wage law for women on the grounds that it denied women freedom of contract.
• Schechter v. U. S. (1936). Sometimes called "the sick chicken case." Unanimously declared the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) unconstitutional on three grounds: that the act delegated legislative power to the executive; that there was a lack of constitutional authority for such legislation; and that it sought to regulate businesses that were wholly intrastate in character.
• Korematsu v. U. S. (1941). The court upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2.
• Ex parte Endo (1944). The court forbade the internment of Japanese-Americans born in the U. S. (Nisei)
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954, Warren). Unanimous decision declaring "separate but equal" unconstitutional.
• Gideon v. Wainwright (1963). Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.
• Escobedo v. Illinois (1964). Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.
• Miranda v. Arizona (1966). The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.
• Roe v. Wade (1973). The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.
• U. S. v. Richard Nixon (1974). The court rejected Richard Nixon’s claim to an absolutely unqualified privilege against any judicial process.
• Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1978). Ambiguous ruling by a badly divided court that dealt with affirmative action programs that used race as a basis of selecting participants. The court general upheld affirmative action, but with a 4/4/1 split, it was a very weak decision.
• Clinton v. Jones (1997). Rejecting an appeal by Pres. Clinton in a sexual harassment suit, the Court ruled that a sitting president did not have temporary immunity from a lawsuit for actions outside the realm of official duties.
• Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000). The Court ruled that the Boy Scouts of America could dismiss a troop leader after learning he was gay, holding that the right to freedom of association outweighed a New Jersey anti - discrimination statute.
• Bush v. Gore (2000). The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation standards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling meant Bush would win the election.

U.S. List of Presidents & Events Linked to Them

Under British Monarchical Rule:

(House of Stuarts)

• 1603-1625 - James I - Form Protestant, problems with Parliament, resisted Puritans 
• 1625-1649 - Charles I - Continued problems with Parliament, dissolved Parliament in 1629, 60,000 people left England (1/3 of them to the Colonies) to escape Archbishop Laud's uniformity church

*English Civil War (1642-1646) - Parliament vs. King → Charles I executed*

• 1649-1658 - Oliver Cromwell
• 1658-1659 - Richard Cromwell

(House of Stuarts restored)

• 1660-1685 - Charles II
• 1685-1688 - James II - Was a Catholic

*Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) - replaced the reigning king, James II, with the joint monarchy of his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange*

• 1689-1702 - William and Mary ruled England jointly - 1689 Bill of Rights, prohibited Catholics from ruling
• 1702-1714 - Anne - 2nd Daughter of James II, also protestant like sister Mary II

(House of Hanover)

• 1714-1727 - George I
• 1727-1760 - George II
• 1760-1820 - George III - American colonies gain independence from Britain! 

The United States as an Independent Republic:

• 1789-1797 - George Washington - 1st President, shaped chief executive's duties, did not run for 3rd term (set precedent)
• 1797-1801 - John Adams - Alien and Sedition Acts allowed him to silence critics, but made him unpopular.
• 1801-1809 - Thomas Jefferson - Wrote the Declaration of Independence, approved the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, which nearly doubled the size of the U.S.
• 1809-1817 - James Madison - Father of the Bill of Rights, War of 1812 with Britain
• 1817-1825 - James Monroe - "Era of Good Feeling" because there was little partisan fighting. Monroe Doctrine - declared Americas off-limits to European meddling.
• 1825-1829 - John Quincy Adams - Accused of winning election through corruption
• 1829-1837 - Andrew Jackson - Considered the common people's friend, dubbed "Old Hickory" because he was tough, greatly expanded the powers of the Presidency
• 1837-1841 - Martin Van Buren - First president born an American citizen. His presidency was marred by an economic depression that led to bank failures and food riots
• 1841 - William Henry Harrison - First president to die in office and served the briefest term
• 1841-1845 - John Tyler - First president to be threatened with impeachment (effort failed)
• 1845-1849 - James K. Polk - First "dark horse" or little-known nominee to become President. He presided over the Mexican War, which added Texas, California, and other territory to the U.S.
• 1849-1850 - Zachary Taylor - General from Mexican War. 
• 1850-1853 - Millard Fillmore - Approved Compromise of 1850, allowing slavery in the South. In 1856, he ran for president on the anti-immigrant Know-Nothing Party ticket
• 1853-1857 - Franklin Pierce - Supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which gutted the Compromise of 1850
• 1857-1861 - James Buchanan - Was the only bachelor to serve in the White House. Tried in vain to find a compromise to keep the South from seceding from the Union, but failed
• 1861-1865 - Abraham Lincoln - Led the Union into the Civil War to preserve the nation and end slavery. He was assassinated just five days after the Confederate armies surrendered. 
• 1865-1869 - Andrew Johnson - Found himself in bitter battles with Congress over Reconstruction. He was impeached and tried by the Senate, but was acquitted by one vote
• 1869-1877 - Ulysses S. Grant - Was the top Union military hero of the Civil War
• 1877-1881 - Rutherford B. Hayes - Lost popular vote but won office (by one electoral vote)
• 1881 - James A. Garfield - Set out to reform the "spoils system" by which politicians gave their friends low-level political offices. He was the first left-handed President (go left-handers!!)
• 1881-1885 - Chester A. Arthur - Was unknown before elected, but surprised people by being honest and responsible
• 1885-1889 - Grover Cleveland - Only president to be elected 2 non-consecutive terms. Expanded the Civil Service and ended wasteful government programs, economic depression wrecked his second term
• 1889-1893 - Benjamin Harrison - Caught between reformers who were fighting the spoils system and those who wanted to continue it
• 1885-1889 - Grover Cleveland - 
• 1887-1901 - William McKinley - Spanish-American War. U.S. won several important overseas colonies, was assassinated 
• 1901-1909 - Theodore Roosevelt - "Big Stick" Diplomacy, built Panama Canal, cracked down on business monopolies, created national parks
• 1909-1913 - William Howard Taft - Dollar Diplomacy, continued many of Roosevelt's progressive policies, alienated the progressive wing of his party and lost reelection
• 1913-1921 - Woodrow Wilson - After initially opposing World War I, Wilson led the U.S. into war and drafter the peace plan that ended it. Wilson also fought to create the League of Nations
• 1921-1923 - Warren G. Harding - Full of office scandal and corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal)
• 1923-1929 - Calvin Coolidge - Coolidge's term was marked by economic prosperity. However, he ignored signs that the stock market was likely to collapse. Known as "Silent Cal"
• 1929-1933 - Herbert C. Hoover - Stock market crashed few months into his term. The Great Depression follower was blamed on him. He organized relief efforts in Europe after both World Wards
• 1933-1945 - Franklin D. Roosevelt - Led the nation during the Great Depression of the 1930s and to victory in World War II. He greatly expanded the size and role of the federal government through his New Deal social programs. Roosevelt is the only president elected four times
• 1945-1953 - Harry S. Truman - Dropped atomic bombs on Japan. World War II ended days later. Led the U.S. during Korean War
• 1953-1961 - Dwight D. Eisenhower - Former World War II general and hero, helped end Korean War and steered moderate course during the Cold War
• 1961-1963 - John F. Kennedy - Cuban Missile Crisis. Only Roman Catholic to become president, was assassinated in his third year of his term
• 1963-1969 - Lyndon B. Johnson - Passed anti-poverty (Great Society) and civil rights programs. Also involved the U.S. in the unpopular Vietnam War
• 1969-1974 - Richard M. Nixon - During his first term, he improved relations with the Soviet Union and China and wound down the Vietnam War. Following Nixon's reelection, news of the Watergate scandal forced Nixon to resign before Congress could impeach him
• 1974-1977 - Gerald R. Ford - His pardon of Nixon was unpopular
• 1977-1981 - Jimmy Carter - Promoted Middle East peace. Soaring oil prices, high inflation, and the Iran-Contra crisis made him look weak
• 1981-1989 - Ronald Reagan - Revived national pride, was greatly popular though his conservative policies were controversial
• 1989-1993 - George H. W. Bush - During his term, the Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War ended. He led the U.S. in the 1991 Gulf War against Iraq
• 1993-2001 - Bill Clinton - Past NAFTA trade agreement and cut budget deficit. His second term was marred by scandal, including impeachment
• 2001-2009 - George W. Bush - Soon after being sworn in, he had to unite mournful country after September 11th terrorist attacks. Like his father, Bush led the U.S. into war against Iraq
• 2009-2017 - Barack Obama - First African American president of the U.S.
• 2017-present - Donald Trump

Structure of the AP U.S. History Exam

There are 2 Sections, each of which contains 2 parts.

Section I (95 minutes):

• Part A - 55 multiple-choice questions, 55 minutes recommended, 40% of exam score.
• Part B - 3 short-answer questions (SAQ), 40 minutes recommended, 20% of exam score. 
• Questions 1 & 2 required, your choice between 3 & 4

Section II (100 minutes):

• Part A - 1 document-based question (DBQ), 60 minutes (including 15 minute reading period) recommended, 25% of exam score.
• Part B - 1 long essay question (LEQ), 40 minutes recommended, 15% of exam score. 
• Choice of periods 1-3, 4-6, or 7-9